Ethiopias dam-construction strategy threatens not only Kenyas water-resource development efforts but also Somalias water security, as is evidenced by Ethiopias development plans for the Jubba and Shebelle Rivers. However, this threatens the basin's long-term sustainability (as water use expands beyond what is environmentally feasible) and suboptimal in terms of capital allocation (as higher water use upstream may make downstream projects uneconomical (Swain, 2011). Ethiopia and Egypt Are Fighting Over the Nile River. The United States Ethiopias interests in developing its water resources are driven by its growing population and high demand for socio-economic development (Gebreluel, 2014). This is because the VCLT allows an older treaty to be rescinded by a new one if the new one concerns the same topic (Article 59). Egypt faces another dam challenge - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted Hence, the customary law argument might be too ambitious. After all, the VCLT allows states to withdraw from or terminate a treaty owing to a fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred and which was not foreseen by the parties (Article 62(1)). The multi-services provided by the hydropower development and its technical advantages could be driving forces for local, regional and national development, and a catalyst for sustainable development. The GDP per capita in Ethiopia is only $475. Match. The Nile waters have historically been governed by the Nile Waters Treaties. These colonial-era agreements comprise (i) the 1902 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty (with the UK representing modern-day Sudan); (ii) the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (with the UK representing modern-day Kenya and Uganda) and (iii) the 1959 Egypt-Sudan Treaty (with the UK now absent as a result of decolonisation). 74 cubic metres. l located on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia . Egypt has taken various efforts in a bid to secure its water security in the context of the Nile River. These are two of the largest dams in Africa. The writer is a professor of political science at the UAEs Zayed and Cairo universities, *A version of this article appears in print in the 9 July, 2020 edition ofAl-Ahram Weekly, Spain La Liga results & fixtures (24th matchday). l It is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 15 km east of the border with Sudan. Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime. Although Egypt and Sudan are likely to resist efforts to include the other upstream riparians in the negotiations or to allow a regional organization, such as the NBI, to serve as an implementing organ, they must understand that the Nile River is a regional watercourse and its management must be approached from a regional perspective. Second, the upstream riparian states must recognize and accept Egypts near total dependence on the waters of the Nile River. His research indicates that rapid filling of the reservoir could lead to severe economic losses, though he notes that expanding groundwater extraction, adjusting the operation of Egypt's Aswan High Dam, and cultivating crops that require less water could help offset some of the impact. The dispute has prompted numerous international interventions, including by Gulf Arab states, which have issued political statements and led mediation efforts. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Africa's Water Tower This agreement could pave the way for a more detailed cooperation framework, and represents a major step toward dispute resolution. Such a mitigation program can make it much easier for Egyptian and Sudanese authorities to cooperate with Ethiopia and the other riparians in creating and adopting an agreement for management of the Nile. Africa's largest dam fills Ethiopia with hope and Egypt with dread The Eastern Nile Basin is of critical geopolitical importance to the Niles overall hydro-political regime. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a critical project that intends to provide hydroelectricity to support the livelihoods of millions of people in the region. In contrast, other watercourse states on the Nile have lent their support to the Dam. Flashcards. Addis Ababa has said the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a $4bn hydropower project, is crucial to its economic development and to provide power. The announcement on Friday comes a day after Ethiopia said it had launched power production from the second turbine at the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, a powerful generation linchpin Negative impacts of the GERD - Opinion - Ahram Online Despite the intense disagreements, though, Ethiopia continues to move forward with the dam, arguing that the hydroelectric project will significantly improve livelihoods in the region more broadly. The first filling of the dam in July 2020 went uneventfully. In any event, the dispute remains. Third, Egypt should abandon continued references to its so-called natural historical rights (i.e., the water rights granted Egypt by the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and the 1959 Agreement between Egypt and Sudan). Similarly, in 2018, the UNSC noted the water security risks in African nations such as Somalia, Sudan and Mali. Subsequent impact studies were performed by the European Investment Bank and the African Development Bank, and in the light of the results, these banks cancelled their funding for Gibe III. Ethiopia announced in April 2011 that it intends to build four large dams on the Nile, including one of the largest in the world, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (formerly known as Project X or the Grand Millennium Dam).This huge dam will flood 1,680 square kilometers of forest in northwest Ethiopia, near the Sudan border, and create a reservoir that is nearly twice as large as Lake Tana . Owned and operated by the Ethiopian Electric Power company, the 145-m-tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam . DISADVANTAGES OF ASWAN DAM the agriculture output of Egypt. Learn. UN ready to promote 'win-win solution' for Blue Nile dam project RANE (2015). Most recently, there have been suggestions that the African Union should resolve the disagreement. If Egyptian authorities refuse to abandon these anachronistic treatieswhich have created untenable water-use rights that benefit only itself and Sudanall parties will remain at an impasse. These discussions highlighted benefits such as more consistent water flow, minimising the risks of flood and drought, and the potential for discounted hydroelectricity produced by the Dam. In addition, no independent, multilateral Environmental and Social Impact Assessments has been carried out suggesting that Ethiopia is reneging from the 2015 Declaration of Principles (Kandeel, 2020). Sudan and Egypt, which rely most heavily on the . Cairo . Here, for the first time, Egypt recognised Ethiopias right to use the Nile for development purposes. But with a generation capacity of 6.45GW, the Ethiopian government quoted the project as vital to the country's economic growth. for seepage and evaporation, but afforded no water to Ethiopia or other upstream riparian statesthe sources of most of the water that flows into the Nile. Swain, A. They generate electricity, store water for crop irrigation and help to prevent floods. If it is allowed to reach dangerous levels, water scarcity has the potential to trigger conflicts. Egypt relies on the river for as much as 90 percent of its freshwater and sees the new dam as an existential . All three countries have a vested interest in a properly operated dam. I agree with the delivery of the newsletter. Moreover, after the completion of the GERD, Egypt could run short of water if the operation of the GERD was not carefully coordinated with that of the AHD. It imports about half its food products and recycles about 25 bcm of water annually. The grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (eg) - SlideShare Crucially, however, neither Egypt nor Ethiopia are parties to the Watercourses Convention and so they are not bound by its terms. Many historical grievances and distrust remain on the Ethiopian side regarding Egypt (Gebreluel, 2014), with some Ethiopian journalists assessing the 'Declaration of Principles' as being more in favour of Egypt than Ethiopia (Zegabi East Africa News, 2015). Despite several tripartite meetings between November 2013 and January 2014, no agreement was reached on the implementation of the IPoE recommendations and controversies were evolving around the constitution of a trilateral committee. Since 2015, technical reports on the potential impacts of the dam have failed to reach a consensus within the TNC (Maguid, 2017). The GERD has the potential to act both as driver for conflict, but also for cooperation. The Untold Story of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Because Ethiopia has been so cavalier with regard to the technical aspects of its dams, portions of them have also caved in soon after they began operation. Finally, Ethiopia could make a strong case that the operation of the Dam is in alignment with the core principles of international water law, namely equitable utilisation and no significant harm. These are found in Articles 5 and 7 of the Water Courses Convention respectively and, despite the scepticism outlined above, arguably form part of customary international law. Such an understanding and appreciation of Egypts water vulnerability would help the riparians develop a water management protocol that can significantly enhance equitable and reasonable use while minimizing significant harm to downstream riparians. Disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), hailed by both Egypt and Ethiopia as a new chapter in relations between Egypt and Ethiopia based on openness and mutual understanding and cooperation (. Ethiopia, whose highlands supply more than 85 percent of the water that flows into the Nile River, has long argued that it has the right to utilize its natural resources to address widespread poverty and improve the living standards of its people. The establishment of the Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile, up 145 and a storage capacity of 74 . Moreover, with GERD, Ethiopia opts for a hydropower expansion strategy on the Blue Nile, and not an irrigation strategy. Four of these would potentially be located on the main river and one would eventually evolve into the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). The situation seemed to improve in the beginning of 2015 when tripartite negotiations were held in order to determine principles of cooperation. Revisiting hydro-hegemony from a benefitsharing perspective: the case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) takes an expansionist view towards decolonisation as seen in the Chagos Islands Advisory Opinion, in which it allowed the decolonisation agenda to trump the UKs lack of consent to any contentious proceedings. Second, regarding the 1902 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty, although Ethiopia was a party and although that instrument does deal with the flow of water on the Nile, its terms are strictly limited. In contrast, if water from the Dam were to be used for irrigation purposes by Ethiopia (i.e. The so-called Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd) is Africa's biggest hydroelectric project to date. One senior advisor to former Ethiopian prime minister Meles Zenawi alluded to it when he said that Ethiopia will supply the electricity, Sudan the food, and Egypt the money. To which we might add, and South Sudan will supply the oil.. Test. The dispute escalated in 2011 when Ethiopia began construction of a major new dam, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), in the absence of any agreement with downstream Egypt. Monday January 2, 2017. Nevertheless, it is important to take stock of the human costs, social problems, and lasting environmental impacts of this strategy which have already drawn considerable criticism and concern. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. The Nile-COM is the highest political and decisionmaking body of the NBI. Addis Ababa launched the construction of the GERD under Zenawi, and work on it has proceeded at full steam ahead ever since. Concern has focused in particular on Lake Turkana, which derives 90 per cent of its water from the Omo River on which the Gilgel Gibe III Dam was built. Under the Ethiopian constitution, the state is the proprietor of the countrys land and natural resources, which gives the government significant control over the allocation and use of land. grand ethiopian renaissance dam. Given the importance of water to Ethiopian agriculture, it resulted in the tragic irony that, as Thurow put it, the land than feeds the Nile is unable to feed itself. The status quo started to change when Ethiopia began construction of the Dam, just east of its border with Sudan, in 2011. Who Is Financing Ethiopia's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam? The Blue Nile is Ethiopias largest river, with high potential for hydropower and irrigation. Second came the 2015 Declaration of Principles (DoP) which concerned the Dam specifically (rather than the Nile more broadly). In the end, all 11 riparian states must understand that the way forward calls for the establishment of a meaningful resource-sharing agreement, one that sees and recognizes the Nile River as a regional watercourse. Amazingly, the normally required social and environmental impact studies were only conducted three years after construction of the dam had began. For example, Ethiopians and Egyptians are more likely to understand and appreciate the challenges that they face, particularly in the areas of water security, climate change, food production, and poverty alleviation, if they regularly interact with each other and engage in more bottom-up, participatory and inclusive approaches to the resolution of their conflicts. But this did not rule out eruptions of tension, not just between local communities and the central government, but also between Ethiopia and its neighbours. Since then, there has been a constant stream of complaints regarding the social and environmental impacts on downriver areas, including large displacements of local populations. In turn, Egypt water policy and management should be changes or modified to overcome the great challenges. Learn the history of Toronto from the city's official website. Alaa al-Zawahiri, a member of the Egyptian National Panel of Experts studying the effects of the Renaissance Dam, believes as much. Ethiopias Blue Nile Dam is an opportunity for regional collaboration, Developing countries are key to climate action, Self-organizing Nigeria: The antifragile state, Managing the compounding debt and climate crises. The unilateral decision taken by Ethiopia - which never recognised the 1959 agreement but had previously not been able to challenge it in fact - to build the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) in 2011 represents a major political challenge to the 1959 Agreement. Thus, as with the Watercourses Convention and the CFA, the DoP does not offer a clear legal resolution to the dispute. Ethiopia says it will take a further four to six years to fill up the reservoir to its maximum flood season capacity of 74bcm. July 26, 2022. The New Arab (2020b). - Ethiopia's massive. It too has legal arguments it could adduce in support of its position that the Dam is permitted under international law. The disadvantages for Egypt and Sudan are the possibility of reduced river flow, although this is only really a problem during the years of filling the dam. They can also cause dispute and heartachefor example, over damage to. It has led a diplomatic initiative to undermine support for the dam in the region; as well as in other countries supporting the project such as China and Italy. Also, the Sudanese Foreign Ministry later held the Egyptian side accountable for failure of these negotiations. This is because it is traditionally understood to refer to waterways that form intrinsic parts of international boundaries. Nevertheless, Khartoum continues to fear that the operation of the GERD could threaten the safety of Sudans own dams and make it much more difficult for the government to manage its own development projects. grand ethiopian renaissance dam Flashcards | Quizlet Although Ethiopia has argued that the hydroelectric GERD will not significantly affect the flow of water into the Nile, Egypt, which depends almost entirely on the Nile waters for household and commercial uses, sees the dam as a major threat to its water security. GIGA Focus No. Sign up for news on environment, conflict and cooperation. The other riparian states can then be brought in, either through the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) or some other regional framework, to secure an agreement that is binding on all the states. Typically, treaties contain provisions on the identification and function of the depositary, entry into force, adoption and so on (Article 24(4) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)). Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Ethiopia - Webuild Project China at the heart of rising Nile River conflict - Asia Times The 10-year filling time of GERD will likely contribute to fastened salinisation in Egypt. Ethiopias strategy for dam construction goes far beyond developmental goals. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Limited Options for a Resolution The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam located in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 45 km east of the border with Sudan. Crucially, however, despite being signed by Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan, the legal status of the DoP was left (deliberately) vague. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(4), 687-702. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is estimated to cost close to 5 billion US dollars, about 7% of the 2016 Ethiopian gross national product. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Agreement within Reach, Under-Secretary 497 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Premium High Res Photos - Getty Images Water scarcity is a growing problem. Recently, however, Sudan has been more cautious with the project, citing concerns that the GERDs operation and safety could jeopardise its own dams (The New Arab, 2020b). Another argument Egypt might adduce concerns the DoP. A political requirement will be to agree on rules for filling the GERD reservoir and on operating rules for the GERD, especially during periods of drought.
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